- C Programming Tutorial
- C Programming useful Resources
The C Programming Language (sometimes termed K&R, after its authors' initials) is a computer programming book written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unix operating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. Programming Languages Development - C has been used extensively in developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX's C Shell, PHP and Python, and Verilog etc. Computation Programming - C is the best friends of scientists because of fast speed and computational efficiencies. Shane Doan, wearing the 'C' as captain of the Phoenix Coyotes. In ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice.
- Selected Reading
- The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A B) is not true.!= Checks if the values of two operands.
- This is a list of operators in the C and C programming languages.All the operators listed exist in C; the fourth column 'Included in C', states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.
You have seen the basic structure of a C program, so it will be easy to understand other basic building blocks of the C programming language.
Tokens in C
A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C statement consists of five tokens −
The individual tokens are −
Semicolons
In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.
Given below are two different statements −
Comments
Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown below −
You cannot have comments within comments and they do not occur within a string or character literals.
Identifiers
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore '_' followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C. Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −
Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C. These reserved words may not be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.
auto | else | long | switch |
break | enum | register | typedef |
case | extern | return | union |
char | float | short | unsigned |
const | for | signed | void |
continue | goto | sizeof | volatile |
default | if | static | while |
do | int | struct | _Packed |
double |
Whitespace in C
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore, in the following statement −
there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in the following statement −
no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase readability.
Understanding A1C
It's called the A1C test, and it's a powerhouse.
It can identify prediabetes, which raises your risk for diabetes. It can be used to diagnose diabetes. And it's used to monitor how well your diabetes treatment is working over time. It's also a critical step in forming your game plan to manage diabetes with your diabetes care team.
The big picture: monitoring treatment
This relatively simple blood test can tell you a lot. The test results give you a picture of your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months. The higher the levels, the greater your risk of developing diabetes complications. Your doctor will tell you how often you need the A1C test, but usually you'll have the test at least twice a year if you're meeting your treatment goals. If you're not meeting your goals or you change treatments, you may need to get an A1C test more often.
So, what do the numbers mean?
When it comes to the numbers, there's no one-size-fits-all target. A1C target levels can vary by each person's age and other factors, and your target may be different from someone else's. The goal for most adults with diabetes is an A1C that is less than 7%.
A1C test results are reported as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher your blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. The A1C test can also be used for diagnosis, based on the following guidelines:
- If your A1C level is between 5.7 and less than 6.5%, your levels have been in the prediabetes range.
- If you have an A1C level of 6.5% or higher, your levels were in the diabetes range.
Finally: A1C is also defined as ‘estimated average glucose,' or eAG
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The individual tokens are −
Semicolons
In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.
Given below are two different statements −
Comments
Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown below −
You cannot have comments within comments and they do not occur within a string or character literals.
Identifiers
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore '_' followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C. Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −
Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C. These reserved words may not be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.
auto | else | long | switch |
break | enum | register | typedef |
case | extern | return | union |
char | float | short | unsigned |
const | for | signed | void |
continue | goto | sizeof | volatile |
default | if | static | while |
do | int | struct | _Packed |
double |
Whitespace in C
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore, in the following statement −
there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in the following statement −
no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase readability.
Understanding A1C
It's called the A1C test, and it's a powerhouse.
It can identify prediabetes, which raises your risk for diabetes. It can be used to diagnose diabetes. And it's used to monitor how well your diabetes treatment is working over time. It's also a critical step in forming your game plan to manage diabetes with your diabetes care team.
The big picture: monitoring treatment
This relatively simple blood test can tell you a lot. The test results give you a picture of your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months. The higher the levels, the greater your risk of developing diabetes complications. Your doctor will tell you how often you need the A1C test, but usually you'll have the test at least twice a year if you're meeting your treatment goals. If you're not meeting your goals or you change treatments, you may need to get an A1C test more often.
So, what do the numbers mean?
When it comes to the numbers, there's no one-size-fits-all target. A1C target levels can vary by each person's age and other factors, and your target may be different from someone else's. The goal for most adults with diabetes is an A1C that is less than 7%.
A1C test results are reported as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher your blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. The A1C test can also be used for diagnosis, based on the following guidelines:
- If your A1C level is between 5.7 and less than 6.5%, your levels have been in the prediabetes range.
- If you have an A1C level of 6.5% or higher, your levels were in the diabetes range.
Finally: A1C is also defined as ‘estimated average glucose,' or eAG
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Another term you may come across when finding out your A1C is eAG. Your doctor might report your A1C results as eAG. eAG is similar to what you see when monitoring your blood sugar at home on your meter. However, because you are more likely to check your blood sugar in the morning and before meals, your meter readings will likely be lower than your eAG.